Major
results achieved in 2013 in the priority research directions
·
Data Bank (DB) for critical divisions of
forestry in Zhytomyr region has been created.
10 databases for 10 divisions of
forestry in Zhytomyr region (1070
quarters and 21663 records are included
); quarterly GIS-maps for radioactive
contamination of territories and types of soils intended for estimation and prediction of radiation state
in the northern part of Kyiv and Zhytomyr regions have been elaborated. Predictions for dynamics of
changing of forest divisions areas where the combustive wood have to be
produced were elaborated. Conceptual approaches, and a draft for the Concept
for retrieval of areas abandoned after Chornobyl disaster to economic use,
approved by IAEA experts, representing Belarus, RF and Ukraine, have been
worked out; likewise, methodical
recommendations as for returning of abandoned territories to economic use by
means of organization of bio-fuel-resources production have been prepared.
· Generalization of the experimental research results, analysis of the publicized data as for efficiency of countermeasures implementation in the radioactively contaminated territories at the remote period after radiation accidents has been done. The methodical guidance as for countermeasures application at the current stage of Chornobyl radiation accident consequences elimination has been elaborated.
·
Selective monitoring for contamination of milk
produced in critical settlements in Polissja, and contamination of wild-growing
mushrooms with 137Cs in Kyiv and Rivne regions has been carried out.
Monitoring studies in Ivankov district for grain-crops contamination with 90Sr
shown that the radionuclide content exceeded hygienic standards for food grain
in 100 % of samples. All the data concerning radioactive contamination of
agricultural production and agricultural lands have been brought in the
database for radioecological monitoring. The web-page located at the Institute
site, and intended to community and public informing on radiological safety of
agricultural production in Ukraine, is actualized according to obtained
information (http://uiar.org.ua).
· Once more woody species that can be considered as referential one for terrestrial ecosystems in the alienation zone has been revealed (American maple). Relationship “dose-effect” for cytogenetic damages of this species has been estimated.
Major
results achieved in 2012 in the priority research directions
- On the basis of generalization
of the data and conclusions of Ukrainian and international researches the
science-based conceptual approach has been developed to remediation of the
agricultural lands contaminated with the heavy natural radionuclides from
the technogenic enhanced natural sources. The criteria of intervention
into the radiological situation at the agricultural lands contaminated
with NORM have been suggested;
- On the basis of determination
of the 90Sr and 137Cs vertical distributions in the
natural meadow soil profiles at the UIAR monitoring network in the
Exclusion zone the radionuclide transfer parameters and the ecological
half-life periods for the upper 5-cm layers of different soil types have
been calculated;
- It has been substantiated that
there should be no radiation-hygiene limitations for the agricultural
practice at the Ukrainian territories outside the ChNPP Exclusion zone and
the Zone of unconditional (mandatory) resettlement, which are contaminated
with the Chernobyl fallout;
- The project of Conception has
been elaborated for return to the economical utilization of the
territories alienated after the Chernobyl catastrophe. The databases
have been created to support the alienated territories return to
economical activity by means of manufacturing the bioenergetics resources
at these territories. The databases contain 21663 records for 1070
quarters of 10 forestries. The quarter maps of contamination with 137Cs
and soil types have been created for the territory of the 2nd zone of
radioactive contamination in Zhitomir and Kyiv regions;
- The experimental data have been
obtained for evaluation of efficiency of the long-term application of
countermeasures at various soil types (Chernozem, soddy-podzolic,
peaty-bog);
- For the referent grass species
of terrestrial ecosystems of the Chernobyl zone, Oenothera biennis L., the
dose rate – cytogenetic effect dependence has been refined. The candidate
referent shrub species has been identified which showed the tendency to
increase of the cytogenetic damages with increase of the radiation dose
rate;
- Radiological monitoring results
in the most contaminated regions of Ukraine have confirmed the adequacy of
the earlier-developed list of the critical objects to be monitored.
Dynamics of the radiological situation has been evaluated. The
database of the radioecological monitoring of agricultural production has
been updated with the experimental information obtained by UIAR (about
3000 records). In order to provide the free access to the ecological
information and to facilitate participation of public in making the
decisions on the Environmental problems, the special page was designed and
added to the Institute’s website http://uiar.org.ua/Ukr/index.htm.
The page will present the data concerning the radioactive contamination of
the agricultural production. On the basis of generalization and
systematization of the methods of determination of the γ-emitting
radionuclides in the agricultural production and the environment the
chapter of the reference book for determination of radionuclides has been
prepared. The chapter describes the specifics of the methods application,
preparation of the samples and quality assurance issues.
Main directions
of the Institute’s activity in 2011
- In the unique experimental
study of the foliar contamination (wet deposition) of the agricultural
crops the parameters have been specified which characterize radioiodine
transfer through the leafage surface into the productive organs.
- For the first time in the last
decade the monitoring study of the cereal crops contamination with 90Sr
has been performed. Results of the radiological monitoring in the most
contaminated regions of Ukraine confirmed the list of the critical objects
and the requirements to the monitoring network and schedule. The database
was designed and created for the radioecological monitoring of the AIC
production. The experimental information obtained by the institute was
stored in the database (about 2500 records).
- In order to provide the wide
access to the ecological information, and to involve public into the
process of making the decisions on the Environmental problems, the new
page has been added to the institute’s website (http://uiar.org.ua/Ukr/index.htm)
which provides the information on the radioactive contamination of
agricultural production. The project of “Concept of creation and operation
of the optimized system of monitoring of the radioecological safety of the
AIC production” has been prepared.
- On the basis of estimate of the
risk of exceeding of the annual limit of ingestion of the heavy natural
radionuclides (HNRN) the methodology has been developed that substantiates
the decisions concerning the possibility of rehabilitation of the
agricultural lands contaminated with HNRN. The methodology was tested and
verified at the agricultural and homestead lands located in the zone of
impact of PCP and its tailing dumps.
- The unified methodology has
been applied to calculate the migration parameters of 90Sr, 137Cs,
241Am, 239,240Pu and other radionuclides in the soil
profiles in various landscape-geochemical conditions and in different
periods after the fallout. The ecological and effective periods of the
half-cleaning of soil were estimated for various phases of the
post-accidental situation.
- The computer decision support
system ReSCA (Remediation Strategies after the Chernobyl Accident) has
been adapted in Ukraine and scenarios have been optimized for
rehabilitation of the critical settlements in Ukraine. The recommendations
have been developed for optimization of the countermeasures
implementations in the settlements of Ukraine and the late phase of the
ChNPP accident.
- The projects of the
methodological guides have been prepared which provide the radiation
safety of the agricultural animals and cattle produce at the early stage
of the radiation accident. The guides cover the issues of the radioactive
iodine impacts to cattle, organization of the veterinary dispensary
system, and veterinary-sanitary expertise of the cattle produce.
- Experimental studies of
dynamics of 137Cs and 90Sr leaching into the
simulated lung fluid from the pulverescent fractions of the typical soils
of Polissya have shown that according to the classification by the ICRP,
the radioactive aerosols can be classified as slow-soluble (S) at
inhalation for radiocesium and medium-soluble (M) for radiostrontium.
- The experimental data have been
obtained which specify an efficiency of the long-term application of the
countermeasures at various soil types (chernozem, soddy-podzolic,
peat-bog).
- The parameters of the
stochastic models which describe the 137Cs and 90Sr
contents in the main commercial fish species of the Kyiv reservoir have
been estimated for the late phase of the Chernobyl accident including those
for monotonous trends, seasonal changes and statistical variability. The
prognosis of dynamics of activities of these radionuclides in fish was
made and the probability of catching the fish contaminated over
permissible levels (PL 2006) in the present period was estimated.
- The possibility of application
of the model of the radionuclides behavior in soil-plant system has been
evaluated for various soil types. Set of procedures was elaborated for
prognosis calculations of the radionuclide specific activities in the crop
production. The developed methodology was applied for two settlements in
Volodymyretsky district of Rivne region.
- The large-scale survey of the
terrestrial ecosystems of the Exclusion zone has been performed and the
plant species have been identified which are critical in terms of
radiosensitivity. For Scots pine, which is a referent species for the
studied type of ecosystems, the dose-effect dependencies have been
established for morphological and cytogenetic changes, and the mechanism
of formation of the effects has been suggested.
- The proposals have been
prepared to the project of the Law of Ukraine “Concerning the amendments
to the Laws of Ukraine “About the legal regime of the territory that had
been radioactive contaminated as a result of the Chornobyl catastrophe”
and “About the status and social protection of the citizens aggrieved as a
result of the Chornobyl catastrophe””.
Main directions
of the Institute’s activity in 2009-2010
Our scientific activity was
focused on
- monitoring of the radiological
safety of production of agriculture of Ukraine and of the agricultural
lands;
- remediation of the areas
contaminated with the radionuclides;
- impacts of the Chornobyl
radionuclides to the organisms and ecosystems;
- support of plant cultivation
and livestock sector at the radioactive contaminated territories;
- optimization of the measures
aimed in reduction of the radioactive contamination of agricultural
production and radiation doses to population;
- formulation of the
veterinary-sanitary rules for providing the radiation safety of
agricultural animals and animal produce in the case of the radiation
accident;
- evaluation of the
radiation-hygienic conditions of work in the agrarian-industrial complex
(AIC);
- creation of the normative
documents, migration models, databases and decision support systems for
the cases of the nuclear accidents.
- creation of the materials for Evaluation
of impacts to the environment for nuclear units #3 and #4 of Khmel’nitsky
NPP.
During
previous years the methods and technological projects optimizing the structure
of the agricultural manufacturing in territories of Ukraine contaminated with
radionuclides and other technogenic toxicants were elaborated. In frame of the
works on monitoring of the agricultural lands and production, the technical
project for system of the complete monitoring of agricultural manufacturing and
estimation of a state of the agricultural lands in regions of Ukraine
characterised by significant techogenic loading was prepared. Monitoring
studies on contamination of agricultural lands and products with Sr-90 and
respective estimation of the critical areas, objects and characterisitics were
accomplished, that is more effective then a general radiation control of the whole
contaminated territory.
Works
elaborating the sub-system "Agricultural complex and production" to
support the decision making-up at the action of techogenic loadings on the
environment were carried out. Filling the system with new results and models has
being implemented now.
The
most dangerous links of radionuclides transfer to human were found on the
results of scientific research. TF values were estimated for various soils, and
it was shown that they can vary dozen of times in comparison with general known
ones due to the specific natural conditions of Ukrainian Polessje .
Studies
on characteristics of radionuclides metabolism in animal organism were
performed. It promoted to substantiate and prepare the technology for
final feeding of animals with clean forages, and predict the terms and
procedure of obtaining the production in accordance with the current norms.
Technique and device for living determination of caesium radioisotopes in the
muscles of agricultural animals were elaborated and implemented, their
improvement is still continuing. New techniologies for "clean"
cheeses production from milk with the increased content of radionuclides were
elaborated in direction of processing of contaminated animal products.
According to the program "Ferrocyanides", experiments and testing on
the principal kinds of animals were performed, recipes and technologies for
using of the natural and synthetic adsorbents and products containing them were
proposed; that permits to decrease caesium-137 contamination of meat and milk
3-10 times. Now these works are implemented in collective and private farms in
the contaminated zone. The method of estimation of the base of forage resources
and recommendations on their use in the contaminated zone is implemented.
Methodical
approaches for countermeasures implementation in the contaminated areas of
Ukraine aiming minimization of radionuclides outflows with agricultural
production and decrease of the cost of implementation were elaborated by
scientists; programs and recommendations concerning countermeasures
implementation in two most critical regions were prepared. 5 technological
projects on the countermeasures application in 5 critical settlements in the
contaminated area are being implemented this year.
Specialists
of the institute elaborated and published recommendations on conducting of the
farming industry in contaminated territories of Ukraine for various
post-accidental periods (the last one 1999-2002); specified propositions on
conducting of the main branches of AIC (agroindustrial complex) and private
farming are given in them. Critical directions for mitigation of the ChNPP
disaster consequences in AIP are noted.
The
methodical guide and program for rehabilitation (return to economical using) of
abandoned agricultural lands located in Kiev and Zhitomyr regions were
elaborated. Results of scientific research and respective calculations have
shown that these lands can be used in accordance with the specific scenarioes
without exceeding the dose limits defined by the state legislation. On the base
of comprehensive analysis of the radiological situation in farming industry
"The program for rehabilitation of lands in a zone of unconditional
(obligate) resettlement in Kiev and Zhitomyr regions for the period 1998-2005",
"Methodical guide for rehabilitation of lands in a zone of unconditional
(obligate) resettlement in Kiev and Zhitomyr regions",
"Recommendations on realisation of the regional program minimising the
ChNPP acidental consequences in Zhitomyr region" were elaborated.
The
gained experience and changes in radiational, economical and political state in
Ukraine in a period after the accident have been represented in a
new "Concept for agriculture conducting in the contaminated
territories and their complete rehabilitation for the period
2000-2010" . The concept takes into account the obtained results and
conclusions of scientific research and applied studies carried out in a frame
of two National programs for the period 1992-2000. The concept is based on three
main principles:
1.To prevent exceeding of the individual irradiation dose,
radionuclides content in agricultural production obtaining in any area hasn't
to exceed permissive levels (PL-97). This principle is realised by
countermeasures implementation independently on their cost; if countermeasures
application is economically unexpedient, agriculture and forestry conducting
should be stopped.
2.Minimisation of the collective irradiation dose on population
is realised by decreasing of the radionuclides outflows into human diet with
local foodstuffs due to agricultural countermeasures application, which are
chosen and planned with obligate use of optimising procedures. Countermeasures
are implemented if their efficiency can significantly influence on radiation
state.
3. Measures directed to decrease the irradiation dose on
population can be practically always considered as intervention into
traditional people's life, hence they ought to be applied according to the
scientifically based recommendations and projects accounted radiological,
medical-biological, ecological, social-psychological and economical
consequences of their implementation.
Existence
of the critical regions, landscapes, farms, arable lands, forages and foodstuffs
charactrised by constant high level of the radioactive contamination in
comparison with neighbouring analogous territories needs determination of
priority in planning and implementation of countermeasures.
Main directions of scientific and applied
activity in UIAR in a period 1988 - 2003 :
Elaboration of recommendations,
implementation of measures and countermeasures in farming industry directed to
decrease the agricultural production contamination with radionuclides
- scientific and manufactoring
testing, approbation of measures and countermeasures directed to decrease
the agricultural products contamination with radionuclides ;
- rational plant-breeding in
conditions of radioactive contamination of agricultural lands after ChNPP
accident ;
- rational stock-breeding in
contaminated after ChNPP accident territories :
- applying of "clean"
forages and radionuclide-absorbing preparations to decrease contamination
of the animal products ;
- scientific substantiation of
the meat stock-breeding in the radionuclide contaminated territories of
Ukraine;
- preparation of a method for
estimation of the forage resources base in radionuclide contaminated areas
with purpose to obtaine the products respective to established norms ;
- technological projects for
optimisation of a structure of farm production and countermeasures in
farms located in the territories contaminated with radionuclides of ChNPP
accident and other technogenic toxicants ;
- creation of a system supporting
the decision-making at the elimination of consequences of ChNPP accident
in farm production;
- methodology for rehabilitation
of radionuclide contaminated lands in a zone of unconditional resettlement
.
Studies on regularities of radionuclides
and heavy metals transfer from soil to plants and animals, elaboration of the
methods for prediction of possible contamination of agricultural production
- transfer factors of
radionuclides to the agricultural plants from various types of soil ;
- microfertilizers and accumulation
of radionuclides by the agricultural crops;
- efficiency of sapropel and
zeolites application reducing the radioactive contamination of
agricultural production ;
- accumulation and excretion of
radionuclides from organism of the agricultural animals, physiological and
immunobiological state, reproductivity at the long-term keeping of animals
in conditions of radioactive contamination of the territory;
- facilities for keeping and
feeding the animals, supporting decrease of radionuclides transfer to the
animal products ;
- estimation of action of
ferrocyanides and natural sorbents on radioceasium transfer from the diet
to milk and meat of the agricultural animals in industrial conditions ;
- mathematical models for
migration of radionuclides and heavy metals in a soil-plant link and in a
chain forage-animal organism-animal products ;
- combined action of
radionuclides and heavy metals on the agricultural animals' organism ;
- consequences of the long-term
application of agrochemical measures and long-term dynamics of caesium and
strontium behavior in a soil-plant link.
Radiological monitoring of territories,
agricultural lands and agricultural production contaminated with radionuclides
- comprehensive monitoring of
farming industry in the radioactive contaminated territories of Ukraine ;
- creation and maintenance of the
experimental polygons for monitoring and prediction of radionuclides
migration in soils of the Exclusion zone ;
- specification of the
radiological state in settlements of Chernigiv, Zhitomyr and Volyn'
regions;
- radiological monitoring and
long-term prediction for the irrigated lands;
- secondary contamination of the
environment as a result of a wind transfer of radionuclides;
- secondary contamination of the
environment in consequence of the forest fires and minimisation of the
ionising irradiation action on participants of the fire-fighting ;
- monitoring of contamination of
agricultural lands and plant production with 90Sr ;
- radiation-hygienic state of life
and labour conditions at the various kinds of agricultural works in
plant-breeding and animal-breeding on the radionuclide contaminated
territories ;
- scientific substantiation of
the methodology for representative sampling during radiological monitoring
;
- specification of the strontium
track configuration in a near zone of ChNPP accident and detailisation of
the radiation state in the sites selected for rehabilitation; creation of
map on contamination of the exclusion zone with TUE (238Pu, 239+240Pu,
241Pu, 241Am), 144Ce and 154Eu;
- optimisation and maintenance of
a system for radiological control and monitoring in agroindustrial
manufactoring connecting with implementation of PL-97 ;
- analysis of the agroionic
climate in zones of ChNPP radioactive contamination ;
- phytosanitary state in zones of
the radioactive contamination, prediction of the situation and system of
the protective measures against pests and diseases for main agricultural
crops in conditions of radioactive contamination of the territory ;
- ways of migration and outflux
of the radioactive substances in farming industry.
Physical-and-chemical properties of
Chornobyl radioactive fallouts and kinetics of fuel particles resolution in the
environment
- physical-and-chemical
properties of fuel particles and their behavior in the environment;
- inhalation intake of fuel
particles into the human respiratory organs ;
- modeling of the fuel particles
formation;
- radionuclides migration in the
agricultural lands and soils of the exclusion zone ;
- horizontal and vertical
migration of radionuclides in the agricultural territories ;
- radionuclides migration in a
zone of irrigation farming ;
- biogenic radionuclides outflow
from ³s point of the terminal localisation of the radioactive wastes ;
- creation of mathematical models
for the radionuclides migration in soils of the exclusion zone .
Processing and rational use of
agricultural production obtained in the radioactive contaminated territories
·
technologies for milk processing with the purpose to decrease
the radionuclides content in the final products;
·
technology for the soft cheese manufacturing during contaminated
milk processing;
· technologies for decrease of radiocaesium
content in the raw meat products and for keeping its nutritional and biological
values ;
·
technologies for initial processing, storing and processing of
the cattle skin contaminated with radionuclides
;
·
distribution of radionuclides and other chemotoxicants during
processing of the plant raw materials;
· improvement of methods for detection the
radionuclides content in soil, plants and animals on the base of the nuclear
physical and micro-wave devices and facilities :
·
methods for the life detection of specific activity of caesium
isotopes in muscles of the agricultural animals ;
· selection, substantiation and attestation of the
standard sites for metrological supply of the remote gamma-spectrometric survey
of the territory ;
·
research-methodical works on testing and implementation of
devices for measurements of ionising irradiations.